Chapter 03 Exam Question 49

The emphasis on the immediate here-and-now experiencing of the individual is the ______________ approach.

a. behavioral
b. biological
c. humanistic
d. psychoanalytic

Chapter 03 Exam Question 48

This is a potential long term side-effect of phenothiazine treatment of schizophrenia which involves rhythmical stereotyped movements and lip smacking.

a. psychosurgery
b. Phenylketonuria
c. tardive dyskinesia
d. catecholamine sensitization

Chapter 03 Exam Question 47

The catecholamine hypothesis of _________ proposes that depression results from a relative depletion of norepinephrine in the brain.

a. bipolar disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. depression
d. anxiety

Chapter 03 Exam Question 46

A hypothesis for the cause of __________ proposes that the disorder is caused by excessive dopamine activity in the brain.

a. bipolar disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. depression
d. anxiety

Chapter 03 Exam Question 45

Within a few decades of the introduction of the __________ drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia, the population of patients being treated inside of mental institutions dropped by two-thirds.

a. tetrathiazine
b. serotonergic
c. phenothiazine
d. benzodiazepine

Chapter 03 Exam Question 44

This procedure involves stimulation of brain regions by magnetic fields.

a. RTMS
b. vagus nerve stimulation
c. ECT
d. Unilateral ECT

Chapter 03 Exam Question 43

When the application of electrical current is only applied to one side of the head, this is known as ______________________.

a. ECT
b. Unilateral ECT
c. Bilateral ECT
d. Monolateral ECT

Chapter 03 Exam Question 42

All of the following are neurotransmitters, EXCEPT:

a. dopamine
b. estrogen
c. serotonin
d. GABA

Chapter 03 Exam Question 41

______________ are branching fibers of a neuron that receive input from other neurons while the ____ is the part of the neuron that carries neural impulses to other cells.

a. Dendrites, axon
b. Dendrites, pons
c. Axons, dendrite
d. Axons, cell body

Chapter 03 Exam Question 40

A rare form of mental retardation I known to result from the lack of a specific gene required for the metabolization of an important dietary ingredient is known as ____________________.

a. tardive dyskinesia
b. Phenylketonuria
c. dopamine intolerance
d. catecholamine hypertonia

Chapter 03 Exam Question 39

Twins resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized ovum are _____________ twins.

a. monozygotic
b. multizygotic
c. dizygotic
d. zygotic

Chapter 03 Exam Question 38

This behavioral technique involves those suffering from alcoholism to be made to become nauseous at the smell or taste of alcohol by pairing the flavor of the alcohol with a drug that produces stomach upset. This is known as _________________.

a. systematic desensitization
b. punishment
c. aversive conditioning
d. reaction formation

Chapter 03 Exam Question 37

Betty has an intense fear of flying. She is participating in a behavioral program where she made a list of everything bad that could happen on a flight. She listed watching a plane takeoff as the least fearful activity, sitting on a plane moderately fearful, and actually experiencing turbulence as a very fearful activity. She then learned to practice deep relaxation. Betty's therapist exposed her to flying by having her go to the airport, watch planes take off, and maintain her relaxation. The therapist continued to gradually expose Betty to stronger anxiety-producing flying stimuli while Betty maintained a state of relaxation. She eventually was able to fly again. This type of therapy is referred to as ________________ therapy.

a. punishment
b. covert sensitization
c. modeling
d. systematic desensitization

Chapter 03 Exam Question 36

Parents teach their children proper behavior by performing the behavior they wish their children to imitate. This is known as ____________.

a. covert sensitization
b. reinforcement
c. transference
d. modeling

Chapter 03 Exam Question 35

He proposed that operant conditioning and natural selection were actually the same process.

a. Karen Horney
b. Carl Rogers
c. B.F. Skinner
d. Carl Jung

Chapter 03 Exam Question 34

This is a process in which a consequence, which follows a response, increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated in the same situation in the future.

a. Reinforcement
b. Conditioning
c. Sensitization
d. Transference

Chapter 03 Exam Question 33

John Watson is considered to be the founder of _________.

a. psychoanalysis
b. Social learning theory
c. relationalism
d. behaviorism

Chapter 03 Exam Question 32

This is an approach to understanding behavior that emphasizes the relation between observable behavior and specifiable environmental events or stimuli.

a. Environmentalism
b. Situationalism
c. Relationalism
d. Behaviorism

Chapter 03 Exam Question 31

________ believed that most neurotic disorders could be traced back to basic anxiety which had its origins in early childhood.

a. Karen Horney
b. Carl Rogers
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Carl Jung

Chapter 03 Exam Question 30

According to __________, common racial memories which are expressed symbolically in the mythologies of all present and past cultures reflect the collective unconscious.

a. Albert Ellis
b. Carl Rogers
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Carl Jung

Chapter 03 Exam Question 29

John is having an irrational emotional reaction to his therapist, and is shifting his anger he has towards his father onto his therapist. This is known as _______________.

a. fixation
b. transference
c. regression
d. free association

Chapter 03 Exam Question 28

Gordon unconsciously avoids gaining insight into his unconscious motives and conflicts. This is known as ________________.

a. regression
b. displacement
c. fixation
d. resistance

Chapter 03 Exam Question 27

Dr. Jones asks his patient to say whatever comes to mind without censorship. This is known as ______________________.

a. Conditioning
b. Free association
c. Transference
d. Displacement

Chapter 03 Exam Question 26

According to Freud's analysis, Hans' fear of _______________ was symbolic of his unconscious fear of his father.

a. widdlers
b. eyeglasses
c. horses
d. moustaches

Chapter 03 Exam Question 25

Kevin has a strong irrational fear of dogs. This is known as ___________________.

a. fixation
b. a defense mechanism
c. sublimation
d. a phobia

Chapter 03 Exam Question 24

Jake has an excessive interest in messy, dirty activities and enjoys "bathroom" humor. According to Freudian theory, Jake may be fixated in the __________ stage.

a. anal
b. genital
c. latency
d. phallic

Chapter 03 Exam Question 23

 Cathy is a chain smoker. According to Freudian theory, Cathy may be fixated in the __________ stage.

a. anal
b. genital
c. oral
d. phallic

Chapter 03 Exam Question 22

The correct order of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is:

a. phallic, latency, anal, oral, genital
b. latency, oral, anal, genital, phallic
c. anal, genital, oral, phallic, latency
d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Chapter 03 Exam Question 21

Sexual instinct is also known as _____________, according to Freud.

a. psyche
b. libido
c. Oedipal conflict
d. sublimated urge

Chapter 03 Exam Question 20

This part of the mind is both unconscious and conscious.

a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. unconscious

Chapter 03 Exam Question 19

This part of the mind is predominantly conscious.

a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. unconscious

Chapter 03 Exam Question 18

This part of the mind mediates between id impulses and external reality.

a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. unconscious

Chapter 03 Exam Question 17

This part of the mind is wholly unconscious.

a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. unconscious

Chapter 03 Exam Question 16

_________________________ is a defense mechanism in which a person disowns some impulse and attributes it to another person.

a. Reaction formation
b. Projection
c. Isolation
d. Displacement

Chapter 03 Exam Question 15

____________________ is a defense mechanism in which a person shifts a reaction from some original target person to some other person.

a. Reaction formation
b. Projection
c. Isolation
d. Displacement

Chapter 03 Exam Question 14

____________________ is a defense mechanism in which a person separates emotions from intellectual content.

a. reaction formation
b. projection
c. isolation
d. displacement

Chapter 03 Exam Question 13

__________________ is a defense mechanism in which a person behaves in a way directly opposite from some underlying impulse.

a. reaction formation
b. projection
c. isolation
d. displacement

Chapter 03 Exam Question 12

John acts quite conservatively and is considerate and polite around others despite his impulse to be rude and sarcastic. This is an example of ______________.

a. reaction formation
b. projection
c. isolation
d. displacement

Chapter 03 Exam Question 11

According to Freudian theory, these are strategies in which a person avoids anxiety-arousing experiences.

a. defense mechanisms
b. reversal designs
c. resistive devices
d. Oedipal complexes

Chapter 03 Exam Question 10

The driving force behind the Oedipal conflict for a young boy is:

a. transference
b. castration anxiety
c. thantos
d. penis envy

Chapter 03 Exam Question 9

The Oedipal conflict reaches its peak around ______________.

a. two years of age
b. two or three years of age
c. three years of age
d. four or five years of age

Chapter 03 Exam Question 8

This is a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, which involves feelings of competition and hostility toward same sex parent, and fears of castration from the same-sex parent.

a. covert sensitization
b. a defense mechanism
c. systematic desensitization
d. the Oedipal conflict

Chapter 03 Exam Question 7

The _____________ contains our internalizing values and is something like a "conscience".

a. id
b. ego
c. unconscious
d. superego

Chapter 03 Exam Question 6

The __________ serves to mediate the expressions of the id in the real world.

a. id
b. ego
c. unconscious
d. superego

Chapter 03 Exam Question 5

The ________________ is concerned with basic instinctive drives in the unconscious.

a. id
b. ego
c. unconscious
d. superego

Chapter 03 Exam Question 4

This is the part of the mind outside of conscious awareness, containing hidden instincts, impulses, and memories.

a. preconscious
b. ego
c. unconscious
d. superego

Chapter 03 Exam Question 3

According to Freud, the largest part of the mind is the:

a. subconscious
b. collective unconscious
c. unconscious
d. preconscious

Chapter 03 Exam Question 2

According to Freud, the mind can be divided into three parts:

a. oral, anal, and phallic
b. brain stem, limbic system, and cortex
c. genetic, neural, and biological
d. id, ego, and superego

Chapter 03 Exam Question 1

Freud's idea that emotionally distressing past experiences may be put out of one's mind is known as:

a. reaction formation
b. displacement
c. repression
d. projection

Chapter 02 - TERMS

What is Paradigm?
A model or framework from which to view a phenomenon.

What is Trephining?
Tools, probably of stone, were used to make a sizable hole in the skull, possibly with the intent of permitting entrapped demons to escape.

What is Demonology?
The belief that possession by demons or spirits explains abnormal behavior.

What is Dance Manias?
Episodes of apparent mass madness in which groups of people danced in the streets.

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Rare dissociative reaction in which relatively separate and distinctive personalities develop within the same person.

What is Organic View?
Belief that abnormal behavior is caused primarily by biological factors.

What is Dualism?
The belief that mind and body are separate, and follow different laws.

What is Lunatics?
Those whose mental problems were traceable to the phases of the moon.

What is General Paresis?
Severe disorder characterized by various mental symptoms as well as bodily paralyses; caused by a syphilitic infection of the brain.

What is Malarial Fever Therapy?
A treatment for general paresis that involved infecting the patient with malaria to cause a high fever.

What is Hysteria?
A condition that includes emotional arousal and physical symptoms that seem to have no organic basis.

What is Mesmerism?
Closely related to the phenomenon of hypnosis; derived from the techniques of Anton Mesmer.

What is Hypnosis?
A trancelike state induced through suggestion in cooperative subjects.

What is Anesthesia?
A lack of ordinary sensation in the skin; the body surface becomes insensitive to touch, pain, or heat.

What is Hemianesthesia?
The whole of one side of the body became insensitive.

What is Abasia?
The inability to walk.

What is Glove or Sleeve Anesthesias?
The insensitive area of the hand or arm corresponded with that which would be covered by a glove or sleeve.

What is Glove or Sleeve Anesthesias?
Hysterical patients, instead of being worried or depressed about their physical symptoms, appeared calm and indeed quite cheerful.

What is Autosuggestion?
A process something like self-hypnosis.

What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
Stimulus that is naturally capable of eliciting the unconditioned response.

What is Unconditioned Response?
Response that occurs naturally or innately to an unconditioned stimulus.

What is Conditioned Stimulus?
An originally neutral stimulus that becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is Conditioned Response?
A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is Extinction?
Repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus; the frequency and strength of conditioned responses tend to decrease, eventually to zero.

What is Spontaneous Recovery?
The brief reappearance of the conditioned response with occasional presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

What is Generalization?
Responding similarly to similar stimuli.

What is Discrimination?
Narrowing the range of controlling stimuli for a response.


What is Operant Conditioning?
Type of learning in which the consequences of a response control its occurrence.

What is Pavlovian Conditioning?
Learning process whereby a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response as a result of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Chapter 02 Exam Question 49

________________________ focuses on the stimuli that precede the response; _________________emphasizes the stimuli that follow the response.

a. Classical conditioning, classical conditioning
b. Operant conditioning, deferent conditioning
c. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning
d. Classical conditioning, focused conditioning

Chapter 02 Exam Question 48

Through classical conditioning, Little Albert learned to associate a white rat with fear. Little Albert was also afraid of a rabbit, a white fuzzy blanket, and a Santa mask. In this example, Little Albert's conditioned fear showed _________________ to similar objects.

a. generalization
b. spontaneous recovery
c. extinction
d. discrimination

Chapter 02 Exam Question 47

The brief reappearance of the conditioned response with occasional presentations of the conditioned stimulus is __________________.

a. generalization
b. extinction
c. discrimination
d. spontaneous recovery

Chapter 02 Exam Question 46

__________________ occurs after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

a. Generalization
b. Discrimination
c. Pontaneous recovery
d. Extinction

Chapter 02 Exam Question 45

_________________ occurs when the frequency and strength of the conditioned response tends to decrease, eventually to zero, after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. spontaneous recovery
d. extinction

Chapter 02 Exam Question 44

Loud noises, such as her clock's alarm, cause Chloe to startle into a state of high awareness. Just before the alarm goes off, the clock makes a light clicking noise, which initially Chloe didn't even notice. Now that she has had the clock for some time, Chloe has found that she startles into wakefulness when the clock makes the clicking noise, before the alarm even goes off. In this example, the conditioned response is:

a. the alarm
b. the clicking noise
c. the state of high awareness
d. turning the alarm off

Chapter 02 Exam Question 43

Loud noises, such as his clock's alarm, cause Cooper to startle into a state of high awareness. Just before the alarm goes off, the clock makes a light clicking noise, which initially Cooper didn't even notice. Now that he has had the clock for some time, Cooper has found that he startles into wakefulness when the clock makes the clicking noise, before the alarm even goes off. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is:

a. the alarm
b. the clicking noise
c. the state of high awareness
d. turning the alarm off

Chapter 02 Exam Question 42

Loud noises, such as his clock's alarm, cause Alvaro to startle into a state of high awareness. Just before the alarm goes off, the clock makes a light clicking noise, which initially Alvaro didn't even notice. Now that he has had the clock for some time, Alvro has found that he startles into wakefulness when the clock makes the clicking noise, before the alarm even goes off. In this example, the unconditioned response is:

a. the alarm
b. the clicking noise
c. the state of high awareness
d. turning the alarm off

Chapter 02 Exam Question 41

The ______________________ is elicited by a stimulus which has been repeatedly paired with a stimulus that causes that response innately.

a. unconditioned stimulus
b. conditioned response
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned stimulus

Chapter 02 Exam Question 40

The ____________________ elicits a reflexive or emotional response after it is repeatedly paired with something that causes that response innately.

a. unconditioned response
b. conditioned response
c. unconditioned stimulus
d. conditioned stimulus

Chapter 02 Exam Question 39

This is a learning process whereby a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response as a result of pairing it with a stimulus that causes that response.

a. generalization
b. operant conditioning
c. classical conditioning
d. general conditioning

Chapter 02 Exam Question 38

This individual won a Nobel Prize in physiology for his work with digestion.

a. Anton Mesmer
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. Philippe Pinel
d. Jean-Martin Charcot

Chapter 02 Exam Question 37

His work On the Origin of Species, published in 1857, is considered to be paradigm-shifting because it indicated humans are members of the family of animals.

a. Anton Mesmer
b. Charles Darwin
c. Philippe Pinel
d. Sigmund Freud

Chapter 02 Exam Question 36

Freud spent the year 1885-1886 with this individual in France; in later years, this experience was recognized as important in the development of his own career.

a. Anton Mesmer
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. Philippe Pinel
d. Jean-Martin Charcot

Chapter 02 Exam Question 35

Instead of being worried or depressed about their physical symptoms, many hysterical patients appear calm and indeed quite cheerful in some cases, which is known as:

a. a characteristic of multiple personality disorder
b. hemianesthesia
c. la belle indifference
d. dualism

Chapter 02 Exam Question 34

John is suffering from muscular twitching, involving his facial muscles. This is known as _____________________.

a. unconditioned responses
b. conditioned responses
c. abasias
d. tics

Chapter 02 Exam Question 33

In hemianesthesia, the whole of one side of the body becomes ______________.

a. extremely cold
b. overheated
c. insensitive
d. sensitive

Chapter 02 Exam Question 32

This is the inability to walk.

a. anesthesia
b. abasia
c. general paresis
d. unconditioned responses

Chapter 02 Exam Question 31

This is a lack of ordinary sensation in the skin as the body surface becomes insensitive to touch, pain, or heat.

a. anesthesia
b. abasia
c. general paresis
d. unconditioned responses

Chapter 02 Exam Question 30

This individual was largely responsible for making the study of hysteria and hypnosis respectable objects of scientific investigation.

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Philippe Pinel
c. Jean-Martin Charcot
d. Anton Mesmer

Chapter 02 Exam Question 29

This was a popular term in the late 1700's for procedures used to induce trances and other altered states of consciousness.

a. general paresis
b. mesmerism
c. autosuggestion
d. hemianesthesia

Chapter 02 Exam Question 28

This individual purported that all human behavior was under the influence of the stars and that this influence was accomplished through a constant flow of a magnetic fluid which fills the universe was:

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Philippe Pinel
c. Jean-Martin Charcot
d. Anton Mesmer

Chapter 02 Exam Question 27

_________________ is a condition that includes emotional arousal and physical symptoms which seem to have no organic basis.

a. Hysteria
b. Hypnosis
c. Anorexia
d. Neurostenia

Chapter 02 Exam Question 26

This view is based upon mental events such as beliefs, emotions, and ideas are the source of abnormal behaviors.

a. biological
b. demonological
c. psychological
d. social

Chapter 02 Exam Question 25

Before penicillin, this was a treatment for general paresis that involved infecting the patient with the disease to cause a high fever.

a. Malarial fever
b. Syphilitic fever
c. Abasia fever
d. Trephinic fever

Chapter 02 Exam Question 24

General paresis is:

a. characterized by delusions of grandeur, dementia, and progressive paralysis, caused by a sexually transmitted spirochete.
b. a bizarre treatment for hysteria in the early-1900s, in which individuals were exposed to blood infected with malaria.
c. a symptom of multiple personality disorder, caused by severe psychological anguish stemming from ritual abuse.
d. an interesting side effect of hypnosis therapy, in which the hand or arm loses sensation and motor control while in the trance state.

Chapter 02 Exam Question 23

The discovery of the cause of general paresis was an important achievement of medical science because:

a. It provided strong impetus to the development of organic theories of abnormal behavior.
b. It illustrated that in most instances, symptoms seemed to be as mysterious and unexplainable to the     patient as to the physician.
c. Before the discovery of the cause of general paresis, psychological factors were not considered to       play an important role in the causation of symptoms.
d. It revealed important information about how nerves worked and how reflexes could be triggered         and modified.

Chapter 02 Exam Question 22

Benjamin Rush advocated all of the following as effective treatments of abnormal behavior EXCEPT:

a. spinning patients on boards
b. laying on of hands
c. bloodletting
d. tranquilizing chairs

Chapter 02 Exam Question 21

This individual is known as the founder of American psychiatry.

a. Sigmund Freud
b. John Watson
c. Benjamin Rush
d. Dorothea Dix

Chapter 02 Exam Question 20

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this was thought to be a serious cause of insanity by the medical community.

a. strenuous exercise
b. animal magnetism
c. food additives
d. masturbation

Chapter 02 Exam Question 19

Kraepelin's third category, paranoia, occurred less frequently than his other two symptom patterns and consisted of ________________.

a. one symptom
b. two symptoms
c. three symptoms
d. four symptoms

Chapter 02 Exam Question 18

Kraepelin's two major classifications of symptom patterns were manic-depressive psychosis and _______________.

a. general paresis
b. dementia praecox
c. hysteria
d. general paralysis

Chapter 02 Exam Question 17

His two major classifications accounted for about two-thirds of all the patients in mental hospitals at the time of its development.

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Jean-Martin Charcot
c. Emil Kraepelin
d. Rene Descartes

Chapter 02 Exam Question 16

This individual developed an influential classification system for abnormal behaviors which has continued to influence psychiatric thinking today.

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Jean-Martin Charcot
c. Emil Kraepelin
d. Rene Descartes

Chapter 02 Exam Question 15

John believes that his physical body obeys the laws of the natural world and operates basically as a machine might operate. However, his soul is separate from the natural world and as such does not follow the laws of the natural world. This perspective is best described as:

a. classical conditioning
b. generalization
c. dualism
d. the organic view

Chapter 02 Exam Question 14

This individual is credited with the philosophical belief of the separation of the mind and the body.

a. Philippe Pinel
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Rene Descartes

Chapter 02 Exam Question 13

The organic view is based upon the belief that abnormal behavior is caused primarily by __________ factors.

a. biological
b. social
c. psychological
d. economic

Chapter 02 Exam Question 12

_________________ is based on the belief that abnormal behavior is caused primarily by biological factors.

a. Demonology
b. The organic view
c. The psychoanalytic view
d. Behaviorism

Chapter 02 Exam Question 11

This individual was instrumental in founding or enlarging more than 30 state institutions for the proper custody and treatment of mental patients.

a. Philippe Pinel
b. William Tuke
c. Dorothea Dix
d. Sigmund Freud

Chapter 02 Exam Question 10

He was placed in charge of a hospital for the insane in Paris and advocated for treating patients with kindness and dignity.

a. Philippe Pinel
b. Rene Descartes
c. Emil Kraepelin
d. Jean-Martin Charcot

Chapter 02 Exam Question 9

The first asylums were started by ______________.

a. governmental officials
b. the medical community
c. monasteries
d. local dignitaries

Chapter 02 Exam Question 8

He exposed the fallacies of witchcraft and demonology in a book called The Discovery of Witchcraft, published in 1584.

a. Johann Weyer
b. Philippe Pinel
c. Reginald Scott
d. Dorothea Dix

Chapter 02 Exam Question 7

In the 1500s, this person believed that many witches were mentally disturbed individuals who needed care and treatment.

a. Johann Weyer
b. Philippe Pinel
c. Hippocrates
d. Dorothea Dix

Chapter 02 Exam Question 6

The four important bodily fluids include yellow bile, black bile, blood, and ____________.

a. urine
b. phlegm
c. water
d. gray bile

Chapter 02 Exam Question 5

This individual was the first to advocate naturalistic explanations for disturbed behaviors.

a. Johann Weyer
b. Philippe Pinel
c. Hippocrates
d. Dorothea Dix

Chapter 02 Exam Question 4

Our earliest explanations for the cause of abnormal behavior were based on:

a. bodily fluid types and levels.
b. demonic or spirit possession.
c. biological malfunctioning.
d. organic bases.

Chapter 02 Exam Question 3

Trephining is:

a. the belief that possession by spirits explains the cause of abnormal behavior.
b. an episode of mass madness, which leads to dancing in the streets.
c. the use of tools to make a sizable hole in the back to release demonic spirits.
d. the use of tools to make a sizable hole in the skull to release demonic spirits.

Chapter 02 Exam Question 2

Shifting from a medical model to a biopsychosocial model is an example of _______________.

a. mesmerism
b. the organic view
c. dualism
d. a paradigm change

Chapter 02 Exam Question 1

A framework with which to view a phenomenon, the vocabulary to use in discussing the subject, and a "recipe" for how to conduct research on the topic is known as ____________.

a. a paradigm
b. abasia
c. a hypothesis
d. a metaphor

Chapter 01 - TERMS

What is Abnormal?
Behavior that is culturally innappropriate, is accompanied by subjective distress and involves a psychological impairment (inability to cope with life's demands).

What is Cultural Relativity?
The perspective that different cultures may utilize different standards in the definition of abnormality.

What is Diagnostic Reliability?
Consistency and agreement between clinicians in use of diagnostic label.

What is Case Study?
The study of an individual clinical case.

What is Normative or Epidemiological Research?
Often involves the study of the incidence of a disorder in a population.

What is Random Sampling?
Selecting subjects by chance from some larger population.

What is Reliability?
The extent to which a measure consistently yields the same results on repeated trials.

What is Validity?
The extent to which a measure assesses what it is purported to assess.

What is Interobserver Reliability?
The extent to which different observers (or raters) agree on the way they categorize or in some way quantify a given observation.

What is Constructs?
Hypothetical or theoretical concepts that cannot be measured directly.

What is Construct Validity?
Refers to the validity of some specific way of measuring the hypothetical construct.

What is Correlational Research?
The investigator attempts to demonstrate an association or correlation between to or more measures.

What is Correlation Coefficient?
A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between variables.

What is Experimental Method?
Research method in which conditions are manipulated in order to test the effects of manipulations on various measures.

What is Experimental Group?
Group on which the manipulation of interest is performed in an experimental design.

What is Control Group?
Group that is treated similarly to the experimental group, except that no manipulation is performed.

What is Significant Difference?
A difference unlikely to have occurred by chance and therefore reflecting a real effect.

What is Placebo Effect?
When an expectation of improvement is sufficient to cause improvement.

What is Double-Blind Design?
Type of experimental design, in which both subjects and personnel are kept blind with respect to whether a subject is in the experimental or control group.

What is Single-Subject Experimental Designs?
Experimental methods that do not rely on groups of people, but rather on repeated measures from individual subjects.

Chapter 01 Exam Question 49

James knew that he was a participant in a study investigating the effectiveness of a new type of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. He reported a reduction in the frequency of his generalized anxiety disorder after he started meeting with a therapist once a week. However, James had not received the new therapy; the therapist just chatted with James each week. James' expectation of improvement reduced the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder which is an example of a(n):

a. significant difference
b. placebo effect
c. experimental effect
d. double-blind difference

Chapter 01 Exam Question 48

In a research study, mental patients are randomly assigned to two groups. One group is given Drug X, while the other group is given a similarly shaped pill of inert ingredients. All participants are measured on their level of self-reported anxiety. In this example, the control group is:

a. the group receiving Drug X
b. the group receiving the inert pill
c. both groups, as they each received something from the researchers
d. those patients that reported the highest level of anxiety.

Chapter 01 Exam Question 47

In a research study, the group on which the manipulation of interest is not performed is the __________ group.

a. control
b. experimental
c. placebo
d. significant

Chapter 01 Exam Question 46

In a research study, the group on which the manipulation of interest is performed is the _________ group.

a. control
b. experimental
c. placebo
d. significant

Chapter 01 Exam Question 45

Which of the following methods would you use for revealing cause-and-effect relationships between variables?

a. correlational research
b. epidemiological research
c. the case study
d. the experiment

Chapter 01 Exam Question 44

If there is no relationship between two measured variables, the scatterplot will have ________________.

a. no resemblance to a straight line
b. a straight line pointing up to the left
c. a straight line pointing up to the right
d. a straight line which is horizontal to the x axis

Chapter 01 Exam Question 43

The correlation between two measures can be graphically portrayed by a _______________.

a. hypothetical construct
b. scatterplot
c. double-blind histogram
d. correlational coefficient

Chapter 01 Exam Question 42

While _____________ can tell researchers something about the strength and direction of a relationship, it does not demonstrate causation.

a. a case study
b. epidemiological research
c. a correlation
d. an experiment

Chapter 01 Exam Question 41

Dr. Martin wants to know if a relationship exists between parental involvement and the severity of an anxiety disorder. The best research method to answer this question would be ____________.

a. a case study
b. epidemiological research
c. a correlation
d. an experiment

Chapter 01 Exam Question 40

Dr. Petra has created a new scale to measure the number of depressive symptoms her patient experiences. She had to patient take the same depression scale four times, and all four times the patient's score was a 51, which indicates a high level of depressive symptoms on Dr. Petra's scale. In addition, the patient's score on the Beck Depression Inventory, a well-established depression test, was a 25, which indicates moderate depressive symptoms. Dr. Petra's depression scale is:

a. valid but not reliable
b. reliable but not valid
c. both reliable and valid
d. neither valid nor reliable

Chapter 01 Exam Question 39

This is particularly difficult to establish when one makes an inference about a psychological trait that is itself not directly definable in terms of specific, observable behaviors.

a. construct validity
b. coefficient validity
c. interobserver reliability
d. diagnostic reliability

Chapter 01 Exam Question 38

Dr. Thomason is interested in the number of eye-blinks her patient can voluntarily emit in 2 minutes. She uses a sensitive recorder that accurately counts every single eye-blink that occurs. Since this machine accurately counts the behavior it is designed to count, is considered to be a ______________ device.

a. generalizable
b. valid
c. placebo
d. reliable

Chapter 01 Exam Question 37

Dr. Alexander and Dr. Shannon independently observed Oscar's behavior. Dr. Alexander decided Oscar's behavior should be labeled as, Asperger' Disorder. Dr. Shannon also decided Oscar's behavior should be labeled as, Asperger' Disorder. The agreement between Dr. Alexander and Dr. Shannon in terms of the diagnostic label indicates:

a. low construct validiy
b. high construct validity
c. high interobserver reliability
d. low interobserver reliability

Chapter 01 Exam Question 36

Dr. Oliver and Dr. Leah independently observed Sophie's behavior. Dr. Oliver dicided Sophie's behavior should be labeled as, conduct disorder. Dr. Leah decided Sophie's behavior should be labeled as, adjustment disorder. The disagreement between Dr. Oliver and Dr. Leah in terms of the diagnostic label indicates:

a. low construct validity
b. high construct validity
c. high interobserver reliability
d. low interobserver reliability

Chapter 01 Exam Question 35

At the Investigator' meeting for a new clinical trial, all of the raters watched and scored a videotape on the depression measure to be used in the trial. All of the raters agreed on the total score. This is known as:

a. construct validity
b. content validity
c. interobserver
d. test-retest reliability

Chapter 01 Exam Question 34

Psychological measurement is never as precise as __________ measurement.

a. environmental
b. psychosocial
c. physiological
d. social

Chapter 01 Exam Question 33

Dr. Rogers is interested in the number of depressive sympotoms his patient experiences. he had the patient take the same depression scale four times during the same office visit. The scores were 17, 28, 11, and 4. The inconsistency in scores indicates the depression scale score is:

a. random
b. unreliable
c. generalizable
d. applicable

Chapter 01 Exam Question 32

Dr. Edwards conducted three simultaneous studies in which she repeatedly obtained the same positive results on her new anxiety measure. As the anxiety measure yielded the same result on repeated trials, we could say that the measure has ____________.

a. random validity
b. validity
c. constructive reliability
d. reliability

Chapter 01 Exam Question 31

Dr. Jones conducted a landmark study on the effects of somatic symptoms in the depressed individual. As these results have held true for the population of those suffering from depression, the results are said to be:

a. diagnostic
b. normative
c. generalizable
d. double-blind

Chapter 01 Exam Question 30

Generalizations can only be made to populations that share the characteristics of the original study's participants. Thus, generalization of findings is closely related to _____________.

a. random sampling
b. reliability
c. constructs
d. validity

Chapter 01 Exam Question 29

The following are the requirements for good epidemiological research studies:

a. case studies, correlations, and experiments
b. correlation coefficients and placebo effects
c. experimental and control groups
d. random sampling, reliability, and validity

Chapter 01 Exam Question 28

The frequency of behaviors among different groups is calculated in _____________.

a. a case study
b. a correlation
c. epidemiological research
d. an experiment

Chapter 01 Exam Question 27

Dr. Smith is conducting a study of the prevalence of depression in the Midwest. This would be an example of:

a. A case study
b. A correlation
c. epidemiological research
d. an experiment

Chapter 01 Exam Question 26

Even if the findings for a given case study are accurate, they:

a. clearly distinguish casual influences from simple coincidence
b. are easily replicated in laboratory conditions
c. still cannot be generalized to anyone other than the person being studied
d. have proven to describe others that have the same type of abnormal behavior

Chapter 01 Exam Question 25

A useful attribute of a case study would be that __________________.

a. it illustrates different forms of abnormal behavior
b. it can be used to prove a theory
c. its findings can be generalized to others
d. the casual influences can be differentiated from simple coincidence

Chapter 01 Exam Question 24

John's behavior provides an excellent example of Antisocial Personality Disorder. As such, Dr. Marek has spent several years intensively studying John, his symptoms, and the changes in his symptoms that occurred during therapy. However, Dr. Marek cannot assume that what is true for John will also be true for others, because ____________________.

a. double-blind studies like this one do not provide reliable findings
b. experiments need to be conducted on populations, not samples
c. correlational studies lack validity
d. case studies should not be generalized to populations

Chapter 01 Exam Question 23

Which of the following is a limitation using the case study method?

a. The case study can describe different forms of abnormal behavior
b. The case study is a proper scientific method
c. The case study findings cannot be generalized to others
d. For the case study, causal influences can be differentiated from simple coincidence.

Chapter 01 Exam Question 22

Dr. Harriett is conducting an intensive study of one of her patients who presents with an uncommon form of OCD. She is charting the changes in symptoms that occur during therapy and will publish a paper on this patient's outcome. Dr. Harriett's study of her patient's behavior would be considered ______________________.

a. epidemiological research
b. an experiment
c. a case study
d. a correlation

Chapter 01 Exam Question 21

If all DSM-IV disorders are combined, about 26.6 percent of Americans experienced a defined disorder in the past months.

a. 6
b. 12
c. 14
d. 18

Chapter 01 Exam Question 20

______________ have a lifetime prevalence rate of about 30 percent in the U.S. population.

a. Mood disorders
b. Psychotic disorders
c. Substance disorders
d. Anxiety disorders

Chapter 01 Exam Question 19

The most common mental disorders among the U.S. population are:

a. mood disorders
b. anxiety disorders
c. psychotic disorders
d. substance disorders

Chapter 01 Exam Question 18

Dr. Miller and Dr. Thomas agree that specific behaviors are characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder. Both consistently apply the major Depressive Disorder leabel when these specific behviors are apparent. Theagreement between Dr. Miller and Dr. Thomas in terms of the use of the Major Depressive Disorder label indicates _________________.

a. content validity
b. diagnostic reliablility
c. construct validity
d. test-retest reliability

Chapter 01 Exam Question 17

The use of the phrase was initially promoted by enlightened physicians seeking to reduce stigma associated with lunacy.

a. Mental illness
b. Disease state
c. Lunacy
d. Mental defect

Chapter 01 Exam Question 16

The current DSM was published in:

a. 1980
b. 1987
c. 1994
d. 2000

Chapter 01 Exam Question 15

The current system for identifying and diagnosing psychological problems is the _____________.

a. DSM-II
b. DSM-IV
c. DSM-IV-TR
d. DSM-V-TR

Chapter 01 Exam Question 14

Mental disorders are easier to _______ than to explain.

a. define
b. explain
c. label
d. describe

Chapter 01 Exam Question 13

Gordon was relieved when he was told by a therapist that he was suffering from bipolar disorder. Labeling his behavior as bipolar disorder, however, does not actually explain his behvior. This is the main point of the ________________.

a. placebo effect
b. cultural relativity application
c. naming fallacy
d. generalization error

Chapter 01 Exam Question 12

Abnormal behavior exists on a _________ in societies.

a. fine line
b. wide line
c. bimodal distribution
d. continuum

Chapter 01 Exam Question 11

The line separating normal from abnormal behavior is difficult to establish, because abnormality is on a ___________.

a. fine line
b. wide line
c. trimodal distribution
d. continuum

Chapter 01 Exam Question 10

As opposed to the person who simply does not do certain things because of personal values or lack of interest, the person with a psychological impairment is ______ to do certain things.

a. reluctant
b. unable
c. happy
d. able

Chapter 01 Exam Question 09

Jake's behavior has been deemed a psychological impairment. This means that:

a. Jake is quite distressed by the behavior
b. the behavior is not common in Jake's culture
c. the behavior is not appropriate in Jake's culture
d. interferes with his roles

Chapter 01 Exam Question 08

The ___________ indicates mental illness is similar to physical illness.

a. disease metaphor
b. abnormal metaphor
c. mental metaphor
d. medical metaphor

Chapter 01 Exam Question 07

Terry is unable to function adequately in her roles as an employee, parent, spouse, and friend, she can be considered to have:

a. subjective distress
b. a psychological disbility
c. distinctiveness
d. weak mental health

Chapter 01 Exam Question 06

Jose has recently been experiencing random thoughts of hurting others, which usually involves those individuals to whom Jose has close emotional ties. These thoughts have been creating a substantial amount of personal distress for Jose. Is this an example of abnormal behavior?

a. No; personal distress is just one of several criteria for labeling a behavior as abnormal.
b. No; this is an excellent example of criminal, not abnormal, behavior.
c. Yes; personal distress in and of itself defines a behavior as abnormal.
d. Yes; any though or behavior involving violence towards others indicates abnormal behavior.

Chapter 01 Exam Question 05

Internal emotions or experiences (e.g., fear, unhappiness, apathy, etc.) which cannot be observed directly by other people is labeled:

a. cultural inappropriateness
b. distinctiveness
c. subjective distress
d. psychological impairment